Topical and Sectoral Studies

Vol.3 Country Studies (PDF/1.5MB)

Table of Contents

I. Zimbabwe

1. Socio-economic Conditions in Zimbabwe

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Manufacturing
• 1.2.1 Structural Characteristics
• 1.2.2 Production Trends
• 1.2.3 Stagnation and Structural Adjustment
• 1.3 Agriculture
• 1.3.1 Dual Structure
• 1.3.2 Production Trends
• 1.3.3 Institutions and Organizations
• 1.4 Mining
• 1.4.1 Importance of Mining
• 1.4.2 Trends in Major Mineral Products
• 1.4.3 Potential and Challenges in Mining
• 1.5 Social Infrastructure
• 1.5.1 Educational Facilities
• 1.5.2 Health Care
• 1.5.3 Water Supply and Sewerage, and Water for Domestic Use
• 1.6 Economic Infrastructure
• 1.6.1 Electric Power and Industrial Water
• 1.6.2 Transport
• 1.6.3 Communications
• 1.7 Trend of International Balance of Payments
• 1.7.1 International Balance of Payments
• 1.7.2 Trade
• 1.7.3 Trade Liberalization
• 1.7.4 Private Investments
• 1.8 Regional Economic Cooperation
• 1.8.1 Regional Economic Cooperation in Southern Africa
• 1.8.2 The SADC
• 1.8.3 Economic Relationship between Zimbabwe and South Africa

2. Political Trends

• 2.1 Independence
• 2.2 Shona and Ndebele
• 2.3 Diplomatic Relations
• 2.4 Failed Attempt to a One-party State
• 2.5 Intricate Racial Integration
• 2.6 Instability Factors

3. Aid Trends to Zimbabwe

• 3.1 Outlook
• 3.2 Japan's Aid Trends
• 3.2.1 Overview
• 3.2.2 Aid Trends by Type
• 3.2.3 Recent Aid Trends by Sector
• 3.2.4 Cooperation with Other Donors
• 3.3 Trends among Major Aid Organizations and NGOs
• 3.3.1 Multilateral Organizations
• 3.3.2 Bilateral Aid Agencies
• 3.3.3 Aid Coordination
• 3.3.4 Trends in NGOs

4. Direction of Development in Zimbabwe

• 4.1 Economic Planning after Independence
• 4.2 Financial Conditions
• 4.3 Structural Adjustment Policy
• 4.4 Social Dimensions of Structural Adjustment (SDA)
• 4.5 Poverty Alleviation Action Plan (PAAP)
• 4.6 National Programme of Action for Children (NPA)
• 4.6.1 Education Projects 66
• 4.6.2 Health and HIV/AIDS Prevention Projects
• 4.7 Zimbabwe Environmental Action Programme (ZEAP)

5. Development Challenges: Implications of the DAC's New Development Strategy

• 5.1 Revival of Economic Growth
• 5.2 Relationship between Structural Adjustments and the DAC's New Development Strategy
• 5.3 DAC Targets as Development Indications
• 5.3.1 Economic Well-being
• 5.3.2 Social Development
• 5.3.3 Environmental Sustainability and Regeneration

6. Framework for Japan's Assistance for Zimbabwe

• 6.1 Basic Perspectives
• 6.1.1 Maintenance and Expansion of Various Social Policies
• 6.1.2 Support for the Promotion of Economic Growth
• 6.1.3 Support for Structural Adjustment
• 6.1.4 Support for Sustainable Development
• 6.2 Priority Areas
• 6.2.1 Rural Development
• 6.2.2 Industry Fostering
• 6.2.3 Social Development
• 6.2.4 Environmental Conservation
• 6.2.5 Other Matters
• 6.3 Challenges and Considerations
• 6.3.1 Respect for Ownership
• 6.3.2 Expansion of Partnership
• 6.3.3 Exploration of a Comprehensive Approach
• 6.3.4 Aid Coordination and Evaluation System
• 6.3.5 Promotion of Policy Dialogues
• 6.3.6 Good Governance
• 6.3.7 Other Matters

<Table Legend>

• Table 1.1.1 Major Economic Indicators
• Table 1.2.1 Industrial Structures of Nations of the World (1995Åj
• Table 1.2.2 Ratio of Employees in the Manufacturing Sector to the Total Population (1990)
• Table 1.2.3 Ratios of Average Wages in the Manufacturing Sector to per capita GNP (1990)
• Table 1.2.4 Gross Production Values of Manufacturing Sub-sectors (1993)
• Table 1.3.1 Distribution of Land and Population (unit: 1000 ha)
• Table 1.3.2 Yields of Major Crops (kg/ha)
• Table 1.3.3 Per capita Grain Production (kg)
• Table 1.3.4 Changes in Tobacco Leaves Production
• Table 1.4.1 Changes in Value and Amount of Major Mineral Production
• Table 1.5.1 Changes in the Number of Medical Institutions (1991-1995)
• Table 1.5.2 Means of Access to Drinking Water by Region
• Table 1.7.1 Changes in the International Balance of Payments (1991-1996)
• Table 1.7.2 Major Trade Partners (1995)
• Table 1.7.3 Major Exports
• Table 1.7.4 Major Imports
• Table 1.7.5 Tariff Reform Schedule
• Table 1.7.6 Changes in Value and Number of Approval for Investment (1991-1996)
• Table 1.8.1 Members of Southern African Regional Organizations
• Table 1.8.2 Trade within SADC Countries (1995)
• Table 1.8.3 South Africa's Trade with Southern African Countries (1994)
• Table 3.1.1 Changes of Net Assistance Value to Zimbabwe (1979-1996)
• Table 3.1.2 Change of ODA Results of Bilateral Assistance (1992-1996)
• Table 3.1.3 Breakdown of Assistance by DAC Countries (commitment basis) (1992-1996)
• Table 3.2.1 Japan's ODA Results for Zimbabwe
• Table 4.5.1 Estimates for Poverty Alleviation Action Plan (PAAP)
• Table 4.6.1 Contents and Estimates of Zimbabwe's NPA (1995-2000)
• Table 4.6.2 Contents of AIDS Prevention Program
• Table 5.3.1 Soil Erosion in Different Land Tenures (%)

<Figure Legend>

• Figure 1.1.1 Changes in Real Economic Growth Rate and Inflation Rate
• Figure 1.1.2 GDP in U.S. Dollars and GDP Deflated with the 1980 Constant Z Dollar
• Figure 1.1.3 Ratio of Total Fixed Capital Formation to GDP
• Figure 1.1.4 Change in the Share of Labor's Remuneration in GDP
• Figure 1.2.1 Structure of the Manufacturing Sector in Zimbabwe and Malaysia
• Figure 1.2.2 Changing Rate of the Moving Averages in GDP, Manufacturing and Agriculture
• Figure 1.2.3 Breakdown of Import (in 1980 price)
• Figure 1.3.1 Fertilizer Input per ha (kg)
• Figure 1.3.2 Per capita Grain Production (kg)
• Figure 1.3.3 Quantities of Maize Sold from Large-scale Commercial Farmland and Communal Areas
• Figure 1.3.4 Sales of Major Agricultural Products to Parastatals (in 1990 price)
• Figure 1.5.1 Changes in the Number of Primary and Secondary Schools
• Figure 1.5.2 Changes in the Number of Teachers
• Figure 1.5.3 Changes in the Government Educational Budget per Pupil
• Figure 1.5.4 Rate of Primary School Teacher Training
• Figure 1.6.1 Changes in Electric Power Sources (1985-1995)
• Figure 1.7.1 Changes of Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate of Zimbabwean Dollar
• Figure 1.8.1 SADC's Sectoral Coordination and Countries in Charge
• Figure 1.8.2 Changes in the Value of Zimbabwe's Exports to and Imports from South Africa (1981-1995)
• Figure 3.2.1 Japan's ODA for Zimbabwe
• Figure 4.2.1 Scale of Government Finances (ratio to GDP)
• Figure 4.2.2 Government Expenditures by Item (ratio to GDP)
• Figure 4.2.3 Breakdown of Public Employees
• Figure 4.2.4 Ratio of Government Debt to GDP

Bibiliography

II. Ghana

1. Socio-economic Conditions in Ghana

• 1.1 Historical Background of Economic Development
• 1.1.1 The Nkrumah Administration: Import Substitution and State-led Modernization: 1957-1966
• 1.1.2 Period of Economic Stagnation: 1966-1982
• 1.1.3 Implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program: 1983-
• 1.1.4 Political Trends and Economic Growth
• 1.2 Development Plans and Government Policies
• 1.2.1 Implementation of the Structural Adjustment Program
• 1.2.2 Vision 2020: Framework for Long-Term National Development Policy
• 1.3 Regional Cooperation
• 1.3.1 Organization of the ECOWAS
• 1.3.2 ECOWAS Policy Goals
• 1.3.3 Weaknesses of the ECOWAS

2. Current Conditions in Major Sectors

• 2.1 Agriculture
• 2.1.1 Overview
• 2.1.2 Cocoa Production
• 2.1.3 Government Measures in Agriculture Sector
• 2.2 Mining
• 2.3 Manufacturing
• 2.4 Infrastructure
• 2.5 International Balance of Payments and Foreign Assistance

3. Aid Trends to Ghana

• 3.1 Outlook
• 3.2 Japan's Aid Trends
• 3.3 Aid Trends among Other Major Donors and NGOs
• 3.3.1 Multilateral Organizations
• 3.3.2 Bilateral Aid Agencies
• 3.3.3 Major NGOs and Their Activities
• 3.3.4 Donor Coordination at A Field Level

4. Development Directions in Ghana and the Significance of the DAC's New Development Strategy: Relevance to "GHANA-VISION 2020: Long-Term Development Objectives"

5. Challenges for the DAC's New Development Strategy in Ghana

• 5.1 Poverty
• 5.2 Education
• 5.3 Health Care
• 5.4 The Environment
• 5.5 Challenges for Attaining Goals

6. Framework for Japan's Assistance for Ghana

• 6.1 Basic Perspectives
• 6.2 Priority Areas
• 6.2.1 Macroeconomic Development Planning
• 6.2.2 Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries
• 6.2.3 Infrastructure
• 6.2.4 Mining and Manufacturing
• 6.2.5 Education
• 6.2.6 Health Care
• 6.2.7 The Environment
• 6.3 Challenges and Considerations
• 6.3.1 Consideration for Reducing Regional Gaps in Economic and Social Development
• 6.3.2 Multisectoral Approach
• 6.3.3 Comprehensive Approach
• 6.3.4 Country Approaches: Respect for Local Communities
• 6.3.5 Local Staff Expansion and Regional Experts Development

<Table Legend>

• Table 1.1.1 Economic Policies of the Governments after Independence
• Table 1.1.2 Economic Trends in Ghana
• Table 1.1.3 Political and Economic Events in Ghana (1981-1994)
• Table 1.2.1 Results of the Structural Adjustment
• Table 1.2.2 Policy Goals for the First Medium-Term Plan (1996-2000) in Ghana's Vision 2020
• Table 2.5.1 List of IDA Credits Commitments
• Table 5.1.1 Poverty Headcount Indices by Area and Socio-economic Group, 1988 and 1992
• Table 5.1.2 Average Living Standard by Socio-economic Group (1992)
• Table 5.2.1 Male and Female School Enrollment and Dropout Ratios in Primary and Secondary Education(1982/83-1990/91)
• Table 5.3.1 Health Care Levels in Ghana by Indicators

<Figure Legend>

• Figure 2.1.1 Agro-ecological Division
• Figure 5.2.1 Male and Female School Enrollment and Dropout Ratios in Primary and Secondary Education (1982/83-1990/91)

Bibiliography

III. Cambodia

1. Socio-economic Conditions in Cambodia

• 1.1 Historical Background of Economic Development
• 1.1.1 Collapse and Destruction of the Socio-economic System (1970s)
• 1.1.2 Reconstruction Efforts and International Isolation (1980s)
• 1.1.3 Political Framework by the Paris Peace Accords
• 1.1.4 Social Issues Disclosed by the Political Change in July 1997
• 1.2 Current Conditions in Major Sectors
• 1.2.1 Macroeconomic Indicators
• 1.2.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
• 1.2.3 Manufacturing
• 1.2.4 Economic Infrastructure
• 1.2.5 Social Infrastructure
• 1.2.6 Human Resources
• 1.3 External Economic Relations
• 1.3.1 1980s: Severance of Economic Relations with the ASEAN Countries
• 1.3.2 1990s: Re-establishment of Economic Relations with the ASEAN Countries
• 1.3.3 Trends of the International Balance of Payments
• 1.3.4 External Debts
• 1.4 Condition of Institutional Building
• 1.4.1 Legal system
• 1.4.2 Tax System
• 1.4.3 Financial System
• 1.4.4 Land System
• 1.4.5 Other Systems

2. Development Plans and the Government's Efforts

• 2.1 Development Plans
• 2.1.1 National Programme to Rehabilitate and Develop Cambodia (NPRD)
• 2.1.2 The First Socioeconomic Development Plan 1996-2000 (the First SEDP)
• 2.2 Public Sector Reform
• 2.2.1 State Institutions Reform
• 2.2.2 Management of State Property
• 2.2.3 Financial Reform

3. Major Challenges in Social and Economic Development

• 3.1 Rehabilitation from the Disturbances of War
• 3.1.1 Establishment of the Rule of Law
• 3.1.2 Land Mine Removal
• 3.1.3 Poverty Alleviation
• 3.2 Rural Development
• 3.2.1 Income Generation for Farmers
• 3.2.2 Creation of Employment Opportunities
• 3.3 Export Industry Development
• 3.3.1 Promotion of Labor-intensive Export Industries
• 3.3.2 Rehabilitation of Existing Export Industries

4. Aid Trends to Cambodia

• 4.1 Outlook
• 4.2 Japan's Aid Trends to Cambodia
• 4.2.1 Overview
• 4.2.2 Results of Assistance by Type
• 4.3 Trends among Major Aid Organizations and NGOs
• 4.3.1 Multilateral Organizations
• 4.3.2 Bilateral Aid Agencies
• 4.3.3 NGOs
• 4.3.4 Aid Coordination

5. Future Development Directions and Major Challenges: Based on the DAC's New Development Strategy

• 5.1 Development Direction and the DAC’s New Development Strategy
• 5.2 Major Development Challenges
• 5.2.1 Poverty
• 5.2.2 Education
• 5.2.3 Health Care
• 5.2.4 The Environment
• 5.2.5 Participatory Development and Good Governance

6. Framework for Japan's Assistance for Cambodia

• 6.1 Basic Perspectives
• 6.2 Priority Areas
• 6.2.1 Land Mine Removal
• 6.2.2 Democratization and Good Governance
• 6.2.3 Development of Economic and Social Infrastructure
• 6.2.4 Resources Management
• 6.2.5 Health Care Measures
• 6.2.6 Education Attainment
• 6.3 Challenges and Considerations
• 6.3.1 Policy Dialogues
• 6.3.2 Support for NGOs
• 6.3.3 Utilization of Locally Experienced Personnel
• 6.3.4 South-South Cooperation

<Table Legend>

• Table 1.2.1 Major Macroeconomic Indicators
• Table 1.2.2 Change of GDP Growth Rate in the Agriculture Sector
• Table 1.2.3 Major Social Indicators in Cambodia
• Table 1.2.4 Ratio of Male to Female by Age Bracket (1996)
• Table 1.3.1 Change of Import to Cambodia by Country
• Table 1.3.2 Change of Export from Cambodia by Country
• Table 1.3.3 Balance of Payments
• Table 1.3.4 Change of Cambodia's Current Account Deficit to GDP
• Table 1.4.1 Composition of Tax Revenue in Cambodia
• Table 2.2.1 Present Conditions of State-owned Enterprises (as of September 1996)
• Table 2.2.2 Summary of Budget Operation
• Table 2.2.3 Current Expenditure by Sector
• Table 3.2.1 Employment Structure in Cambodia
• Table 3.2.2 Household Expenditure (4th quarter 1993 - 3rd quarter 1994)
• Table 3.2.3 Average Monthly Household Expenditure by Household Expenditure Decile by Stratum (rural areas)
• Table 3.3.1 Major Exports of Cambodia
• Table 3.3.2 Change in Log Production in Cambodia

<Figure Legend>

• Figure 1.2.1 Change in Unit Paddy Yield (country comparison)
• Figure 1.2.2 The Proportion of Labor in Cambodia
• Figure 1.2.3 Population Pyramid in Cambodia (1996 estimate)
• Figure 2.2.1 Change of Fiscal Condition in Cambodia
• Figure 3.1.1 Land Mine Map of Cambodia

Bibliography